Reactivity & Chemical Bonding
Chemical Behavior & Oxidation States
Gadolinium exhibits chemical reactivity characteristic of the lanthanide family, governed by an electronegativity of 1.2 and standard valence interactions.
Z = 64Lanthanide
Launch 3D Atom & Orbitals LabGadolinium
Gd
Standard Atomic Mass: 157.25 u
Period 6Group 3F-Block
Chemical Specimen/Gd
Concentric Electron Shells6 Energy Levels
n=1: 2e⁻→
n=2: 8e⁻→
n=3: 18e⁻→
n=4: 26e⁻→
n=5: 8e⁻→
n=6: 2e⁻
Scientific Monograph • Lanthanide
3D Atom SimulatorGadolinium (Gd) Scientific Profile
Gadolinium (Gd) is an element with atomic number 64, classified as a lanthanide. Positioned in Period 6, Group 3, and F-block, its chemical and physical profile is defined by its electron configuration ([Xe]4f⁷5d¹6s²) and periodic trends.
Interactive Virtual Labs Available for Gadolinium
3D Orbitals & Valence Lab
Simulate concentric quantum energy levels, observe valence electron spins, and examine live atomic clouds in full 3D.
Electronic Configuration Lab
Experiment with Aufbau subshell ordering, explore orbital occupancy, and analyze quantum configuration exceptions.
Electron Config
[Xe]4f⁷5d¹6s²
Electronegativity
1.2 Pauling
Year Discovered
Ancient Era
Orbital Shells
6 Principal Levels
Orbital Block
f-block orbital
Group / Period
G: 3 • P: 6
Technological Utility
Industrial & Energy Applications
Gadolinium is utilized in industrial fabrication, materials engineering, electronic manufacturing, and advanced laboratory research based on its specific thermodynamic properties.
Biological Role
Biomedical Profile & Toxicity
Gadolinium does not play a prominent biological role in human biochemistry, existing primarily as a trace element or mineral component in natural ecosystems.
Geochemistry & Abundance
Cosmic & Terrestrial Occurrence
Elements like Gadolinium are synthesized through stellar nucleosynthesis and supernovae r-processes. On Earth, Gadolinium is concentrated in specific ore deposits or synthesized in nuclear accelerators.
Frequently Asked Questions about Gadolinium
Q
What are the key physical and atomic properties of Gadolinium?
Gadolinium (Gd) has an atomic number of 64 and a standard atomic mass of 157.25 u. It is positioned in Period 6, Group 3, in the F-block, and is classified within the Lanthanide category.
Q
What is the electron configuration of Gadolinium?
The ground-state electron configuration of Gadolinium is [Xe]4f⁷5d¹6s². Its 64 electrons are distributed across 6 principal energy levels (2, 8, 18, 26, 8, 2).
Q
Why does Gadolinium exhibit an electron configuration exception?
Gadolinium follows standard Aufbau principle orbital filling. Transition metals and heavy elements optimize their shell filling based on subshell exchange energy and electrostatic stability.
Q
What are the primary commercial and laboratory uses of Gadolinium?
Gadolinium is utilized in industrial fabrication, materials engineering, electronic manufacturing, and advanced laboratory research based on its specific thermodynamic properties.