Physics Experiments

Governing LawT = 2π√(L/g) [1 + ¼sin²(θ₀/2)]

Simple Pendulum & Harmonic Motion

Non-linear RK4 oscillations, small vs large angle periods, phase-space trajectories, and energy conservation.

Governing LawR = (v₀² sin 2θ) / g

Projectile Motion & Ballistics

2D trajectory ballistics, rotary cannon aiming, elevation platforms, wind drag, and target challenge mode.

Governing Lawv_t = √(2mg / (ρ C_d A))

Free Fall & Terminal Velocity

Galilean vacuum drops, quadratic aerodynamic drag, terminal velocity, and planetary gravitation across 5 worlds.

Governing LawF_s = -k_{\text{eff}} \Delta x

Hooke's Law & Multi-Springs

Single, series, and parallel spring combinations, restoring forces, elastic energy, and mystery mass weighing.

Governing LawE = mgy + \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \quad h_{\text{min}} = 2.5R

Conservation of Energy & Coasters

Roller coaster track splines, loop-the-loop critical apex velocity, kinetic/potential interchange, and G-forces.

Governing Lawx(t) = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac{1}{2}at^2 \quad v(t) = v_0 + at

Uniform Motion & Kinematics

Linear kinematics, vector overlay dynamics, two-body pursuit race, and synchronized x-t, v-t, a-t graphs.

Electricity

Ohm's Law & DC Circuits

Build circuits with resistors in series and parallel, measuring voltage and current at each node.

Governing LawV = IR

Electricity

Governing Law\tau = RC \quad V_c(t) = V_s(1 - e^{-t/RC})

RC Circuits & Transients

Capacitor charging and discharging transients, RC time constants, electron drift, and dual-channel oscilloscope.

Electromagnetism

Governing Lawε = -N (dΦ_B / dt)

Faraday's Law of Induction

Move magnets through coils to observe induced EMF, magnetic flux changes, and Lenz's law.

Governing Law1/f = 1/dₒ + 1/dᵢ

Geometric Optics & Lens Ray Tracing

Convex and concave thin lenses, 3 principal ray paths (P-Ray, F-Ray, Chief Ray), Lensmaker's equation, and real vs virtual images.

Governing LawI(θ) = I₀ cos²(α) sinc²(β)

Wave Optics & Double-Slit Diffraction

Young's double slit interference, single-slit Fraunhofer diffraction, 2D Huygens wavelets, and live spectral intensity envelopes.

Governing Lawc = 4ND\omega \quad \text{and} \quad v = c / n

Advanced

Speed of Light & Time-of-Flight

Fizeau toothed wheel apparatus, Foucault rotating mirrors, multi-media refractive speeds, and picosecond time-of-flight telemetry.

Quantum Physics

Governing LawK_max = hν - Φ

Photoelectric Effect

Irradiate metal cathodes with monochromatic light to measure stopping potential and Planck's constant.

Governing Lawη = 1 - (T_C / T_H)

Thermodynamics

Advanced

Thermodynamic Heat Engines

Simulate Carnot, Otto, and Stirling cycles on interactive P-V and T-S state diagrams.

Governing LawT^2 = (4\pi^2 / GM) a^3

Kepler Orbit & Gravitational Mechanics

Simulate elliptical planetary orbits, Kepler's 3 laws, Vis-Viva velocity equations, and equal swept area conservation.

Governing Lawf' = f_0 [c / (c \mp v_s \cos\theta)]

Doppler Effect & Sonic Boom

Moving wave sources, wavefront compression, sonic barrier shock waves, and supersonic Mach cone envelopes.